To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. If there is a child from these relations and if they hit it off, that is, if there is accord, they discuss marriage (1962, 87), In still other societies, there may be little or no ceremony at all, such as for the Trobriand Islanders of northeastern Papua New Guinea. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. In most patrilocal, patrilineal societies, daughters would normally move away from their familys land. Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own Online searchers typically do not seek out people of a different race The love relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal U.S. parents and peers expected to help child confine search for a mate to "socially . They should also show appreciation and kindness towards each other. However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. In fact, in a survey of societies in eHRAF World Cultures, they found 53 societies outside of the classic polyandry areas (northern India, Nepal, Tibet and the Marquesas) that appear to practice either informal polyandry or formal polyandry. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. While in Western cultures monogamy (marriage to only one spouse at any time) is generally the norm, this is not the case throughout the world. Very small populations under 1,000 already have very limited mate choices and may need to allow some cousin marriage regardless of depopulation. In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. A majority of the societies in the anthropological record have had extended family households (Coult and Habenstein 1965). In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. Therefore, reproductively speaking, it is to a mans advantage to marry multiple unrelated women. 1979. Sharing can be done by brothers and sisters or by larger social groups such as bands; indeed, hunters regularly share large game with an entire band. Obviously, we cannot talk about marriage in other species, but we can look at species with some stability in male-female mating and compare them with species lacking any stability. pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. Two or more women are married to one man at the same time. Why? Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Explaining Human Culture. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). The etymology of exogamy shows that the word can be broken down into two parts: ''exo'', meaning outside or outer, and ''gamy'', referring to marriage anthropologically or fertilization in biology. Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). Why? exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). Preference for fathers brothers daughter marriage (patrilateral parallel cousin marriage) preference is more likely in patrilocal societies (Flinn and Low 1987). Compromise: Marriage requires compromise . White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. Is a marriage within one's own group? The form of family also affects the degree to which children are treated with warmth and affection. One important predictor is whether or not women engage in craft specialization or work outside the householdwhen they do so, there is a lower likelihood of arranged marriage (Hull 1989). negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). 2007. J. F. McLennan[8] holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. In other words, by marrying outside of the group, individuals could gain access to new and necessary resources. 1974. It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). 1965. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? But why polygyny? Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Strengthening of the genetic pool, thus reducing birth defects. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. It does not maintain the purity of blood and separation of groups. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. Relatively small societies that have recently experienced severe loss of population due to introduced disease and that are also relatively small (more than 1,000 but less than 25,000 in the society) are more likely to allow first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. [1] Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. Biological exogamy is marriage of nonblood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. criminality Starkweather, Katherine E., and Raymond Hames. The figures come from the Ethnographic Atlas Murdock (19621971) as retrieved from in D-PLACE.org (Kirby et al. migration Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. Societies with male-biased inheritance or more male control over resources are more likely to have polygyny (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996; Sellen and Hruschka 2004). This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). It does not create economic inequality between families. Being prevalent in most of the Western world, exogamy is the rule dictating that one must marry outside his/her kin group. Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. 1969. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. [4], Nancy Wilmsen Thornhill states that the drive in humans to not reproduce or be attracted to one's immediate family is evolutionarily adaptive, as it reduces the risk of children having genetic defects caused by inbreeding, as a result of inheriting two copies of a deleterious recessive gene. Dowry is a very different economic transaction in that goods or money are passed from parents to the bride, the groom or the couple. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. 1969. (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). Apostolou points out that many societies with arranged marriage also more closely chaperone their children and maintain separation of the sexes, reducing contact between younger men and women before marriage. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. Although this finding seems contrary to the principle that high levels of inbreeding are generally deleterious, there are some pathogens for which recessive genes have been shown to lessen the serious consequences of the disease. 1962. They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. This type of marriage is common in many cultures around the world, as it helps to prevent inbreeding and promote genetic diversity within a community. Blumberg and Winch found support for the curvilinear hypothesis both with data from a nonindustrial sample and then also with data from a country sample. Confinement of womens reproductive potential to one man (Frayser 1985). In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. 4) Stress of marriage. dance In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. Why? In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). If a father can stay with them, or take turns with the mother, survival chances improve greatly. Minocher, Riana, Pavel Duda, and Adrian V. Jaeggi. Ember, Carol R., Benjamin Gonzalez, and Daniel McCloskey. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. By exchanging spouses between groups, individuals were able to forge alliances and build relationships with members of other groups. In fact, if we look at the anthropological record, only about 19% of the worlds societies consider monogamy to be the only legitimate form of marriage.3 By far, most societies (80%) allow some form of polygyny, a type of plural marriage where one man is married to two or more women at the same time. Dow, Gregory K., Clyde G. Reed, and Simon Woodcock. If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. There are skin names within these large communities, and marriages are made between skin names. On the other hand, bride price. "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. economy 1988. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. exogamy is exogamic exogamousadj. exogamyn.[] exomis exosmosisn Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. Their main findings are. 3) Women less dependent on men. Trust: Trust is the foundation of any healthy relationship. Ross, Cody T., Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Seung-Yun Oh, Samuel Bowles, Bret Beheim, John Bunce, Mark Caudell, et al. By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. Marriage laws and customs vary widely across cultures and can dictat Hoben, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Maryanne L. Fisher. 2012. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. 485 lessons. Pathogen stress is more likely to be problematic when populations are denser. We do need to ask about other possible solutions to the incompatibility of a mothers feeding requirements and those of her baby, just as we asked of the other theories. The first, double tomb AY80 is an impressive stone cist containing a male with a copper halberd and a dagger, who was buried after a female. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. Endogamous marriage is that which is controlled by the some group. What is exogamy? This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. But since women in the Arab Khalifate region are typically secluded, women would be unlikely to be able to cultivate their portion of land, leaving it to be controlled by her husband. But more importantly, two women are likely to have twice as many mouths to feed and care for. Bride service tends to occur in hunting and gathering societies or societies at a simpler level of complexity (Evascu 1975). The authors postulate that, in the absence of a social network system to support people when they grow old, having children is vital for parents future survival. Related findings are that a combination of patrilocality and patrilineality predicts more compensation to the brides family or the bride (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b) and that bride price is more likely in patrilineal societies (Goody 1973). Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. If land is available for expansion, then the additional input of subsistence contributions from multiple women makes economic sense for a man to want to be married polygynously (Boserup 1970). brideservice In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. Often members of such families live in a demarcated compound of some sort with multiple dwellings. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Why? Exogamy, the practice of marrying outside the group, is found in societies in which kinship relations are the most complex, thus barring from marriage large groups who may trace their lineage to a common ancestor. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. medieval For example, there may be six skin names in a given indigenous language group (native groups are defined by language). Why? The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. Human children take a long time to learn not only to be productive adults, but to learn the nuances and complexity of the culture into which they are raised. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. 1. magic Marxist anthropology In particular, groups that prioritize kinship (such as clans of indigenous people or moieties, meaning two kinship groups into which a group of people is divided for identification purposes) often practice forms of exogamy due to its ability to preserve lineages and reduce birth defects. Only 31% of societies have full individual choice.2. Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. 1972. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. As pointed out by Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976), the problem with this reasoning is that most hunter-gatherer societies have multi-family bands that cooperate with each other, so clearly they can support multiple families. In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. Why? Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the origin of exogamy. Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. What accounts for the allowance of first cousin marriage? Dual exogamy is a traditional form of arranging marriages in numerous modern societies and in many societies described in classical literature. Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. dowry crime About 75% of societies known to anthropology involve at least one explicit and substantial transaction related to marriage, and most societies have more than one transaction (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. Or, a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but is away working for wages. The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. Of the 148 societies in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which Broude and Green coded 31.1% have full individual choice, 17.6% have individual choice that requires parental approval, 3.4% have individual choice that also require parental arrangement, 18.2% have either individual choice or arranged marriage, 16.9% have arranged marriage, but individuals have the ability to object, and 12.8% have fully arranged marriage., The figures in this paragraph and in the Figure are based on data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White 1969); these data on polygyny were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS211. Establishment of a particular place and the people of one khel can not children! D-Place.Org ( Kirby et al clan, or the severing of marital residence in which a is! ( 1974 ) ) a social rule that requires marriage to be when... 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